Partially or completely losing the first language or a second language is known as what?

• A. Subtractive bilingualism
• B. Suprasegmentals
• C. Simplification
• D. Segmental

Answer: (A)

When a second language becomes dominant and the first language is used less or lost, this pattern is called subtractive bilingualism. It describes how acquiring and using a second language can push the first language out of regular use, leading to reduced proficiency in the L1 and, in some cases, complete language attrition. This often happens in environments where schooling, media, and social interactions favor the second language, so over time the individual shifts more toward that language. It contrasts with additive bilingualism, where both languages remain active and developed. Attrition can be partial, with weaker skills in the first language, or complete, depending on exposure and use.