Which theory views learning as habit formation strengthened by reinforcement and is associated with Skinner?

• A. Behaviourism
• B. Cognitivism
• C. Constructivism
• D. Humanism

Answer: (A)

Learning as a change in observable behavior shaped by reinforcement is the essence of behaviorism. In Skinner’s view, a response is strengthened when followed by reinforcement, making that behavior more likely to occur again. With repeated reinforcement, the behavior becomes habitual. This emphasis on external actions and how they are shaped by rewards or punishments sets Skinner apart from other theories that focus on internal thinking or personal growth. Positive reinforcement adds something pleasant to encourage the behavior, while negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant to encourage it; both reinforce the action and help form habits. By contrast, cognitive theories focus on mental processes and how information is encoded; constructivism on building knowledge through experience; and humanism on autonomy and intrinsic motivation.